Galley Proof 17/07/2020; 13:50 File: prm–1-prm190636.tex; BOKCTP/xjm p. 1 1 Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine: An Interdisciplinary Approach -1 (2020) 1–8 DOI 10.3233/PRM-190636 IOS Press Case Report Multidisciplinary rehabilitation of a post-stroke pediatric patient considering the ICF perspective on Giulia Gilardone1,∗ , Francesca Maria Fumagalli1 , Alessia Monti, Giuseppe Pintavalle, Isabella Derada Troletti, Marco Gilardone and Massimo Corbo er si Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura del Policlinico, Milan, Italy rre ct ed pr oo fv Abstract. PURPOSE: There is a general lack of evidence on the efficacy of rehabilitation training methods after childhood stroke. The aim of the current paper is to provide an example of a multidisciplinary assessment and intensive patient-centered rehabilitation program that was devised following the Clinical Guidelines for Childhood Stroke Diagnosis, Management and Rehabilitation, based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. METHOD: The case of a 13-year-old teenager with physical, linguistic, cognitive and emotional impairments after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in left middle cerebral artery territories is presented and his neurorehabilitation program is described. RESULTS: After an intensive and comprehensive rehabilitation period, the patient showed significant improvement involving language abilities, cognitive flexibility, logical reasoning and motor independence. A 6-month post-stroke follow-up evaluation showed further gains in spontaneous language, improved motivation and collaboration, reduction of impulsiveness and better general motor stability. CONCLUSION: This case highlights how an intensive, patient-centered, interdisciplinary rehabilitation approach can lead to good improvement across different domains, maximizing the spontaneous recovery in children and adolescents after AIS. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Introduction un co Keywords: Pediatric stroke, multidisciplinary rehabilitation, intensive treatment, ICF Arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in pediatric patients is rare yet recognized as a significant cause of acquired brain injury and life-long morbidity [1]. Its incidence is progressively increasing and ranges from 1.3 to 13 per 100,000 [2]. Stroke etiology in childhood is broader than in adulthood and it is often of unknown origin [3]. 1 These authors contributed equally to the work. ∗ Corresponding author: Giulia Gilardone, Department of Neurore- habilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura del Policlinico, Via G. Dezza 48, Milan, 20144, Italy. Tel.: +39 0248593725; E-mail: g.gilardone@ ccppdezza.it. Cerebral arterial dissection, which may occur spontaneously or after trauma, can be considered a rare cause of ischemic stroke in children [4]. Although ischemic stroke in children is generally perceived as having a more favorable outcome compared to adults, in a significant number of cases it leaves patients with residual impairments and long-term motor, cognitive, and behavioral consequences [5]. Recovery is a complex process occurring through a combination of spontaneous and learning-dependent processes grounded on restitution, substitution and compensation mechanisms [6]. In order to set up a specific rehabilitation program, neuropsychological and motor testing are essential to assess the presence of neu- 1874-5393/20/$35.00 c 2020 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Galley Proof 2 17/07/2020; 13:50 File: prm–1-prm190636.tex; BOKCTP/xjm p. 2 G. Gilardone et al. / Multidisciplinary rehabilitation of a post-stroke pediatric patient considering the ICF perspective 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 si er fv 29 oo 28 pr 27 ed 26 2. Case presentation ct 25 rre 24 A 13-year-old Italian teenager with neither family history of neurological disease nor previous medical history except for favism disease is described. On the day of the AIS, he suddenly mentioned left orbital and facial pain, fell to the ground and developed aphasia and right hemiplegia, without losing consciousness. There was no antecedent trauma. In the morning of the onset of symptoms, headache and vomiting occurred. Upon the patient’s arrival to the Hospital, he had aphasia, left head and gaze deviation and right hemiplegia. A first Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed a dissection of the left internal carotid artery and a homolateral acute ischemic territorial lesion (see Fig. 2). An attempt of mechanical thrombectomy of the occluded left Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) was performed without success. In the Intensive Care Unit, the patient was maintained in a medically-induced coma for 5 days, while he co 23 rocognitive and/or physical impairments. Child-based rehabilitation promotes and assists neural plasticity, optimizing recovery and outcome [7]. Taking into account all of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) domains, benefits of intensive and early multidisciplinary treatment are highlighted by the Clinical Guidelines for Childhood Stroke Diagnosis, Management and Rehabilitation [8]. The use of the ICF model in clinical practice allows providers to move from purely medical or social models of disability toward a biopsychosocial framework, focused on the dynamic interactions between the health condition and the personal and environmental factors at play (Fig. 1) [9]. un 22 on Fig. 1. Biopsychosocial model of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health – Children and Youth version (ICF-CY). was treated with anticoagulant, antibiotic and infusion therapy. A central venous catheter and a nasogastric tube were positioned. Vital signs were within the normal range, routine blood examination and ECG were normal, and EEG showed no epileptiform discharges. Five days after the onset of symptoms, another MRI confirmed a left hemisphere ischemic lesion, and a CT Angiography study showed a lack of visualization of the supraclinoid tract of the left MCA (see Fig. 3). After 40 days, the anticoagulant was switched to antiplatelet therapy. Tests for vasculitis, prothrombotic states, and viral neurotropic antibodies, as well as genetic analysis for Fabry disease, assessments of plasma amino acids concentration and oropharyngeal swab were all negative. Transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography were normal. The patient was transferred to our Neurorehabilitation Center where he was on antiplatelet therapy. A multidisciplinary team cooperated in order to obtain a global view of his difficulties. An intensive (4–5 hours per day for 106 days) neurological rehabilitation training was designed according to his specific needs and focused on speech therapy, cognitive function training, motor and occupational therapy and psychological support. 2.1. First assessment For each area of intervention, the patient underwent an initial assessment aimed at identifying a specific rehabilitation pathway. A standardized clinical evaluation of his communicative behavior revealed the presence of motor speech disorders and severe aphasia. The patient’s speech was dysarthric, almost unintelligible. Also, his spontaneous language was not fluent, characterized by word-finding impairment and by several phonemic and semantic paraphasic errors. The absence of function words and inflections revealed the presence of agrammatism. Repetition and naming impairments were detected. Comprehension was relatively good, with some difficulties in understanding grammatical contrasts. Since the patient’s motor deficits prevented him from manipulating writing instruments, the agraphia could not be assessed. A comprehensive neuropsychological examination highlighted the presence of several difficulties in problem solving, planning, cognitive flexibility, selfmonitoring and cognitive inhibition. Mild deficits were found in the nonverbal intelligence domain. No impairments of perception, memory or attention were observed. 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 Galley Proof 17/07/2020; 13:50 File: prm–1-prm190636.tex; BOKCTP/xjm p. 3 3 si on G. Gilardone et al. / Multidisciplinary rehabilitation of a post-stroke pediatric patient considering the ICF perspective er Fig. 2. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showing the acute left ischemic lesion on FLAIR axial scans. pr oo fv consistent anxiety-related behaviors, psychological distress and poor motivation, and refused complex exercises in order to avoid frustrating experiences. In addition, he showed poor self-reflection ability, attempting to escape from negative thoughts and feelings. co rre ct ed 2.2. Intervention 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 un Fig. 3. Brain CT angiography revealing left internal carotid artery occlusion. The patient presented with severe right hemiplegia with right upper limb hypotonia. He was only partially autonomous in postural changes. Thus, he was completely dependent in basic (BADL) and instrumental (IADL) activities of daily living, needing physical assistance. Motor tests showed a good performance in static sitting balance and more difficulties in dynamic sitting balance and coordination. Specific linguistic, cognitive and motor tests with raw scores and percentages of accuracy are reported in Table 1. With respect to behavioral and psychological response, the patient struggled to establish a good working alliance with all of the specialists, showing avoidance signals and emotional unavailability. He presented After the initial speech evaluation, a twice daily rehabilitation program was focused on articulation, verbal production and auditory and reading comprehension. For specific tasks, see Table 2. Compensatory approaches for aphasia intervention in adult patients, such as the Promoting Aphasics’ Communicative Effectiveness (PACE) [19] and the application of Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA) [20], were adapted to the patient’s needs. Moreover, a smartphone and tablet were used to facilitate communication. A specific daily neuropsychological rehabilitation program was designed with paper and pencil exercises and computerized tasks using the rehabilitation software “ERICA” [21]. Cognitive training was focused mainly on executive functions, while sustained, selective and divided attention tasks were aimed at reducing impulsivity (see Table 2). The complexity of each exercise was progressively increased to match the patient’s improvement in accuracy and processing speed and decrease of impulsiveness. The motor impairment was treated with physiotherapy sessions twice daily. Exercises were aimed at strengthening muscles, decreasing spasticity, improving transferring abilities and postural changes, increas- 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 Galley Proof 4 17/07/2020; 13:50 File: prm–1-prm190636.tex; BOKCTP/xjm p. 4 G. Gilardone et al. / Multidisciplinary rehabilitation of a post-stroke pediatric patient considering the ICF perspective Table 1 Linguistic, cognitive and motor scores at admission, discharge and follow-up 2nd assessment Raw score (% of accuracy) 3rd assessment Raw score (% of accuracy) 150 150 90 120 120 20 (13%) 112 (75%) na 76 (63%) 108 (90%) 5 (3%) 120 (80%) na 109 (91%) 110 (92%) 5 (3%) 126 (84%) 77 (86%) 110 (92%) 113 (94%) 20 10 (50%) 14 (70%) 14 (70%) 6 128 128 4 (67%) 18 (14%) 39 (30%) 6 (100%) 8 (6%) 36 (28%) 6 (100%) 13 (10%) 6 (5%) 36 – – – 31 (86%) 10 151 161 32 (89%) 97 113 212 31 (52%) 41 (68%) 23 6 si er fv 12 (60%) 39 (81%) 55 (69%) 0 (0%) 26 (93%) 7 (35%) 7 (29%) 7 (35%) 153 (54%) oo 20 48 80 44 28 20 24 20 284 27 (75%) 36 (100%) pr 18 (50%) 26 (72%) ct ed 36 36 on 1st assessment Raw score (% of accuracy) co Language AAT Token test, errors Repetition Written language Naming Comprehension TROG-2 Block passed Executive functions WCST Number of categories achieved Perseverative responses Non-perseverative errors ToL Correct responses Initiation time (in seconds) Execution time (in seconds) Total time (in seconds) Nonverbal logic reasoning SPM Apraxia Italian orofacial apraxia test Total on verbal request Total on imitation Dysarthria Robertson dysarthria profile Respiration Phonation Facial musculature Diadochokinesis Reflexes Articulation Intelligibility Prosody TOT Motor function TIS FAC Max rre Test 15 (65%) 2 (30%) 29 (80%) 55 117 172 41 (68%) 30 (83%) 36 (100%) 15 (75%) 41 (85%) 67 (84%) 25 (57%) 27 (96%) 12 (60%) 13 (54%) 13 (65%) 213 (75%) 17 (85%) 47 (98%) 80 (100%) 20 (45%) 28 (100%) 14 (70%) 15 (62%) 13 (65%) 234 (82%) 16 (70%) 5 (83%) 17 (74%) 5 (83%) un na = non administrable. AAT = Aachener Aphasie Test [10]; TROG-2 = Test for Reception of Grammar 2 [11]; WCST = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test [12]; ToL = Tower of London [13]; SPM = Standard Progressive Matrices [14]; Italian Orofacial Apraxia Test [15]; Robertson Dysarthria Profile [16]; TIS = Trunk Impairment Scale [17]; FAC = Functional Ambulatory Classification [18]. 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 ing balance and posture control during standing and walking, walking indoors and outdoors independently and climbing up and down stairs. See Table 2 for specific tasks. A carbon fiber ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) and a nighttime brace for the right upper limb were adopted to maintain a full active range of motion and prevent contractures. In addition to traditional physical therapy, electrostimulation, virtual reality activities and hydrokinetic therapy were performed. Two occupational therapy sessions per day were aimed at improving fine upper limb motor skills in order to enhance the patient’s participation and increase his independence during ADLs. Psychological support was provided in twenty sessions and focused on cognitive processing of the patient’s traumatic experience. Imaginative techniques and metacognitive strategies were taught to decrease restlessness and support him during his difficult rehabilitation training. The last sessions were dedicated to the return of the patient into society and school. During the sessions, he established a good therapeutic alliance, with increasing self-disclosure and emotional openness over time. His use of defense mechanisms was gradually reduced, which allowed for greater availability and cooperation in working with all of the team’s specialists. 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 Galley Proof 17/07/2020; 13:50 File: prm–1-prm190636.tex; BOKCTP/xjm p. 5 G. Gilardone et al. / Multidisciplinary rehabilitation of a post-stroke pediatric patient considering the ICF perspective 5 Table 2 Linguistic (A), cognitive (B), physical (C) and occupational (D) therapy specific tasks 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 Occupational therapy (D) Autonomies: training to improve occupational performance in BADL (feeding, grooming, bathing, upper and lower body dressing) and IADL (using telephone, tablet handwriting) in different contexts of daily life (home, school), counseling on environmental adaptations and daily life aids to facilitate occupational performance and enhance independence Fine upper limb motor skills: ecological exercises aimed at reaching, gripping, manipulating small objects, bi-manual activities, hand and finger coordination tasks, specific exercises to reduce spasticity and enhance muscles strength Participation: games, daily living activities and role playing to enhance awareness and promote active participation fv er si on Physical therapy (C) Lower limb: repetitive movements (hip flexion and external/internal rotation, knee extension, ankle flexion), muscle contractions, flexibility exercises, muscles tone management, supported standing balance activities, walking on level and unlevel surfaces, avoiding obstacles, climbing up and down stairs Upper limb: arm, wrist and hand stretch, reaching, grasping, pitching, gripping and releasing activities, active and passive mobilization exercises, coordination and bi-manual tasks After discharge, the patient was reintegrated into home and school life with environmental support (e.g. orthotic devices for mobility, optimal arrangement of furniture, digital tablet for communication, daily living aids). He attended the last months of middle school and passed his eighth grade finals. pr ed ct 180 rre 179 At discharge, the patient showed general improvement. Advancement was particularly evident in verbal comprehension and understanding of grammatical contrasts, as well as in naming and articulation abilities. Due to better speech intelligibility, a significant gain in spontaneous language was observed, with an increased communicative intent that included conversations on topics of everyday life. A second neuropsychological assessment showed better nonverbal logical reasoning and an increased ability to coordinate thoughts and behavior, with more cognitive flexibility, as well as improved planning and self-monitoring skills. Regarding motor skills, the patient reached good autonomy in postural changes and walking ability, requiring supervision only on uneven surfaces. If helped by supervisors with verbal reminders, he was more independent in BADL and IADL. Results of the final assessment are summarized in Table 1. With respect to the emotional domain, the patient demonstrated greater reduction of impulsiveness, good availability and cooperation with all of the team’s specialists, increased emotional availability and reduction of social withdrawal. co 178 2.3. Final assessment un 177 Cognition therapy(B) Executive functions: verbal and visuospatial problem-solving tasks (decomposing tasks into subgoals, generating alternative solutions to problems, shifting between ideas and actions, monitoring ongoing performances), rulededuction tasks, shifting games and training for the inhibition of automatic behaviors and impulsiveness Sustained, selective and divided attention: dual-task exercises, attention demanding tasks with moving targets, Go/No-Go tasks with increasing number of distractors oo Speech and language therapy (A) Articulation: reading and repetition of isolated sounds, words of increasing length and complexity and sentences with increasing numbers of constituents, active and passive praxis exercises, oralmotor exercises with and without using mirror, strategies to improve the speech intelligibility (hyperarticulation and slowing speech rate) Verbal production: pictures naming, description tasks, semantic jokes and riddles, semantic and phonological fluency exercises, storytelling Auditory and reading comprehension: comprehension of spoken and written words and sentences of increasing length and complexity, reading comprehension exercises with multiple choices questions, yes/no questions, scrambled-sentence tasks 2.4. Follow-up assessment A 6-month post-stroke follow-up assessment was performed after a period of sub-intensive (three days a week) speech therapy and neuro-motor training in a different structure. The evaluation showed a general stability in both linguistic and motor domains, with further mild improvement in all tests. The executive functions, in particular planning and self-monitoring abilities, were the only areas in which the patient showed a mild decrease in performance compared to his discharge evaluation. Written language assessment highlighted the presence of mild agraphia. For raw scores and percentages of accuracy, see Table 1. 3. Discussion The aim of this paper is to report the multidisciplinary assessment and the patient-centered rehabilitation pro- 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 Galley Proof File: prm–1-prm190636.tex; BOKCTP/xjm p. 6 G. Gilardone et al. / Multidisciplinary rehabilitation of a post-stroke pediatric patient considering the ICF perspective pr oo fv er si on 6 17/07/2020; 13:50 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 ct rre 227 gram of a 13-year-old AIS patient who subsequently made significant clinical improvement. As the Clinical Guidelines for Childhood Stroke Diagnosis, Management and Rehabilitation suggest, an early, intensive and multimodal intervention was developed [8]. Referring to the ICF model, the patient functioning was considered in terms of the dynamic interactions between his disability and environmental and personal factors (Fig. 4). The ICF, supporting both medical and social models of human functioning and disability, provides a multidimensional framework that can be used to set up comprehensive and interdisciplinary approaches to assessment and intervention (Tables 1 and 2 and Fig. 4). Moreover, it offers a common language for health, social and educational services that can be used across different settings and disciplines [9]. Because descriptions of post-stroke rehabilitation training in childhood are rare, we referred to adultstroke literature, adapting the therapeutic environment to the patient’s specific needs in terms of modality, intensity and location of the intervention. Since children and adolescents usually show consistent difficulties working in structured settings, which are required in adult standard training [22], it is im- co 226 un 225 ed Fig. 4. Modified ICF-CY model considering the patient’s characteristics and his rehabilitation program. portant to customize the treatment in accordance to the young patient’s needs [23]. All therapeutic interventions were tailored to the teenager’s specific profile. Therapists tried to develop a good working alliance with him by including some enjoyable tasks in each session. Literature highlights how high levels of patient engagement seem to be strongly associated with better rehabilitation outcomes [6]. In agreement with these results, consistent improvements in all rehabilitation tasks were observed as the patient became more interested, cooperative and involved in training. Speech therapy sessions followed scientific recommendations for adult aphasic patients [24] and were adapted to the teenager’s characteristics. As literature suggests, familiar technology was incorporated for a more functional treatment [22]. After the rehabilitation period, the patient’s language improved, even more clearly at the follow-up evaluation, where he showed greater communicative intent and a general reduction of inhibition. Concerning cognition, substantial evidence supports the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation after acquired brain lesions, highlighting how neuropsychological treatment can help patients learn and compensate 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 Galley Proof 17/07/2020; 13:50 File: prm–1-prm190636.tex; BOKCTP/xjm p. 7 G. Gilardone et al. / Multidisciplinary rehabilitation of a post-stroke pediatric patient considering the ICF perspective 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 on 283 Conflict of interest si 282 The authors have no conflict of interest to report. er 281 fv 280 References oo 279 The authors would like to thank the patient and his family, as well as the World Health Organization for the permission to reproduce their material. All authors gave their consent to paper submission and approved the current version of the paper. They agreed to take public responsibility for all the paper’s content. The first two authors contributed equally to the work. In addition, the authors ensured that they have written entirely original work and appropriately cited or quoted the considered studies. No financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article was received. [1] Lynch JK. Cerebrovascular disorders in children. Curr Neurol Neurosci. 2004; 4(2): 129-138. doi: 10.1007/s11910-0040027-3. [2] Mallick AA, Ganesan V, Kirkham FJ, Fallon P, Hedderly T, McShane T, et al. Childhood arterial ischaemic stroke incidence, presenting features, and risk factors: A prospective population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2014; 13(1): 35-43. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70290-4. [3] Giroud M, Lemesle M, Madinier G, Manceau E, Osseby GV, Dumas R. Stroke in children under 16 years of age. Clinical and etiological difference with adults. Acta Neurol Scand. 1997; 96(6): 401-406. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00306.x. [4] Fullerton HJ, Johnston SC, Smith WS. Arterial dissection and stroke in children. Neurology. 2001; 57(7): 1155-1160. doi: 10.1212/wnl.57.7.1155. [5] Ganesan V, Hogan A, Shack N, Gordon A, Isaacs E, Kirkham FJ. Outcome after ischaemic stroke in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000; 42(7): 455-461. doi: 10.1017/s00121622 00000852. [6] Langhorne P, Bernhardt J, Kwakkel G. Stroke rehabilitation. Lancet. 2011; 377(9778): 1693-1702. doi: 10.1016/S01406736(11)60325-5. [7] Anderson V, Spencer-Smith M, Wood A. Do children really recover better? Neurobehavioural plasticity after early brain insult. Brain. 2011; 134(8): 2197-2221. doi: 10.1093/brain/ awr103. [8] Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stroke Association. Stroke in childhood: clinical guideline for diagnosis, management and rehabilitation. 2017. Available from: https:// www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/stroke-childhood-clinicalguideline-diagnosis-management-rehabilitation. [9] World Health Organization: International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health – Children and Youth version (ICF-CY). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. [10] Luzzatti C, Willmes K, De Bleser R. Aachener Aphasie Test (AAT, versione italiana) Manuale e Dati Normativi. Firenze: pr 278 Acknowledgments ed 277 ct 276 rre 275 for residual limitations in this area [24]. Cognitive tasks were mainly assigned to the patient using the software ERICA [21] and included computerized exercises based on advanced cognitive rehabilitation models. Problemsolving tasks were administered to improve executive functions while attention exercises were aimed at reducing impulsivity. The presence of executive functioning deficits is known to moderate and negatively affect the overall response to treatment [24]. Moreover, during adolescence, the brain is still changing and the frontal cortex, classically associated with the control of executive functions, is partially immature and still developing in an injured brain. Cognitive tasks require patients to create new strategies and consequently new neural circuits that replace damaged ones. During treatment, the complexity of each exercise was progressively increased as the patient showed better cognitive flexibility and self-monitoring skills. The patient’s profile showed a partial reappearance of difficulties after a period without any training for cognitive functions. This is consistent with other case descriptions that indicate nonsignificant decrements of performance between discharge and follow-up assessments [25]. Hence, we can infer that intensive treatment is effective and should be long-term in order to maintain results over time. Physical and occupational therapies were individualized and exercises followed a task-oriented approach. Also, traditional physical therapy was utilized. Electrostimulation and hydrokinetic therapy were introduced too. Following recent findings [26], virtual reality activities were added and were well accepted by the teenager. At discharge, the patient showed general motor improvements, reaching good autonomy in postural changes, gait and ADLs. His advances remained largely unchanged at follow-up. Increased emotional availability and cooperation were observed over time with all of the team’s specialists. In conclusion, this case highlights how an early, intensive and comprehensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation program following the Clinical Guidelines for Childhood Stroke Diagnosis, Management and Rehabilitation can lead to significant improvement in children after AIS. 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